The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DETERMINING REFERENCE CONDITIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT OF SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS
Abstract
The fire disturbance regime and forest structure prior to Euro-American settlement (AD 1883) of a southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) landscape were quantified in order to establish reference conditions as a baseline for ecosystem management. The mean presettlement fire interval between 1637 and 1883 was 3.7 yr for all fires and 6.5 yr for widespread fires, but fire has been excluded from the study area since 1883. Forest density increased under fire exclusion from an average of 148 trees/ha in 1883 (65 pines, 80 oaks, three other species), an open forest dominated by relatively large ponderosa pines, to 1265 trees/ha in 1994/1995 (720 pines, 471 oaks, 74 others), a dense forest characterized by relatively small and young trees. Species composition has shifted toward greater dominance by Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and conifers less adapted to frequent fires: white fir (Abies concolor) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The reference presettlement conditions can be applied to management of this ecosystem in two ways. First, reference conditions are a benchmark against which to evaluate contemporary conditions and future alternatives. The comparison shows that the contemporary forest is well above the range of presettlement variability in forest density, and both live and dead fuel structures have developed that can support high-intensity wildfire. Second, reference conditions can serve as a goal for ecological restoration treatments.
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“In the past, differences in the environment, climate, or lightning abundance have been used to explain the unusually short fire-return intervals of Western Apache homeland tree-ring sites (51, 52).”
From Tree rings reveal persistent Western Apache (Ndee) fire stewardship and niche construction in the American Southwest (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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Brown, J. K. (2019) · Cited by 842
Southwestern Ponderosa Forest Structure: Changes Since Euro-American Settlement
Covington, W. W., & Moore, M. M. (1994) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/92.1.39 · Cited by 778
Self-citationFire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- W. W. Covington, P. Z. Fule, M. M. Moore, S. C. Hart, T. E. Kolb, J. N. Mast, S. S. Sackett, and M. R. Wagner . In press. Restoration of ecosystem health in southwestern ponderosa pine forests .Journal of Forestry .
- J. R. Habeck, 1990 .Old-growth ponderosa pine-western larch forests in western Montana: ecology and management .Northwest Environmental Journal, 6 :271 -292 .
- T. E. Kolb, M. R. Wagner, and W. W. Covington .1994 .Concepts of forest health .Journal of Forestry, 92 :10 -15 .
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Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation
McKENZIE, D., GEDALOF, Z., PETERSON, D. L., & MOTE, P. (2004) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x · Cited by 666
Hessburg, P. F., Agee, J. K., & Franklin, J. F. (2005) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.016 · Cited by 488
Post-fire vegetation and fuel development influences fire severity patterns in reburns
Coppoletta, M., Merriam, K. E., & Collins, B. M. (2016) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/15-0225 · Cited by 295
Ecological effects of prescribed fire season: a literature review and synthesis for managers
Knapp, E. E., Estes, B. L., & Skinner, C. N. (2009) · doi:10.2737/psw-gtr-224 · Cited by 286
Collins, B. M., Everett, R. G., & Stephens, S. L. (2011) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1890/es11-00026.1 · Cited by 240
Metadata
- Authors
- Fulé, P. Z., Covington, W. W., & Moore, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Northern Arizona University (US)
- Venue
- Ecological Applications
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 895-908
- ISSN
- 1051-0761 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144949114
- Cited by
- 661
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 15.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecological Applications (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Forest Management and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- reference conditions, ecosystem management, ponderosa pine forests, ponderosa pine, fire return interval, fire suppression, forest density, species composition change, Gambel oak, white fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, forest fires, ecological restoration, southwestern United States
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